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Malnutrition

Malnutrition

Four-month-old Abdousalam Issa and his mother Saadatou Saminoa (34) with an MSF nurse in Madarounfa, Niger, 2022. Caption
Four-month-old Abdousalam Issa and his mother Saadatou Saminoa (34) with an MSF nurse in Madarounfa, Niger, 2022.

Around 45 percent of all deaths in young children are linked to malnutrition.

When children suffer from acute malnutrition, their immune systems are so impaired that the risk of death is greatly increased.

The critical age for malnutrition is from six months – when mothers generally start supplementing breast milk with other foods – to 24 months. However, children under five, adolescents, pregnant or breastfeeding women, the elderly and the chronically ill are also vulnerable.

People become malnourished if they are unable to take in enough or utilise fully the food they eat, due to illnesses such as diarrhoea or other longstanding illnesses, such as measlesHIV and tuberculosis.

We estimate that only three percent of the 20 million children suffering from severe acute malnutrition receive the lifesaving treatment they need.

In 2022, we admitted 127,400 severely malnourished children into inpatient feeding programmes (an increase of 55% on 2021), and 324,591 to outpatient programmes (an increase of 100% on 2021).

Consultation in the clinic operated by Doctors Without Borders inside the Bardarash refugee camp in Iraqi-Kurdistan. November 6, 2019.

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Malnutrition: Key facts

6_2_malnutrition

127,400

SEVERELY MALNOURISHED CHILDREN ADMITTED TO INPATIENT FEEDING PROGRAMMES BY MSF IN 2022

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149

MILLION CHILDREN GLOBALLY SUFFER STUNTING DUE TO UNDERNUTRITION

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45%

OF CHILD DEATHS GLOBALLY LINKED TO MALNUTRITION

Breast milk is the only food a child needs for its first six months. Beyond this point breastfeeding alone is not sufficient.

Diets at this stage must provide the right blend of high-quality protein, essential fats and carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.

In the Sahel, the Horn of Africa and parts of South Asia, highly nutritious foods such as milk, meats and fish are severely lacking.

For a child under the age of two, their diet will have a profound impact on their physical and mental development.

Malnourished children under the age of five have severely weakened immune systems and are less resistant to common childhood diseases.

This is why a common cold or a bout of diarrhoea can kill a malnourished child. Of the five million deaths of children under five years of age each year, malnutrition contributes to at least 45 percent.

Understandably, the most common sign of malnutrition is weight loss. Loss of weight may also be accompanied by a lack of strength and energy and the inability to undertake routine tasks. Those who are malnourished often develop anaemia and therefore a lack of energy and breathlessness.

In children, signs of malnutrition may include an inability to concentrate or increased irritability and stunted growth.

In cases of severe acute malnutrition, swelling of the stomach, face and legs and changes in skin pigmentation may also occur.

Malnutrition is diagnosed by comparing standard weights and heights within a given population, or by the measurement of a child’s mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC).

If dietary deficiencies are persistent, children will stop growing and become ‘stunted’ – meaning they have a low height for their age. This is diagnosed as chronic malnutrition.

If they experience weight loss or ‘wasting’ – low weight for one’s height – they are diagnosed as suffering from acute malnutrition.

This occurs when a malnourished person begins to consume his or her own body tissues to obtain needed nutrients.

In the severe acute form, children with kwashiorkor – distended stomachs – can be clinically diagnosed with body swelling irritability and changes in skin pigmentation.

We believe that ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) is the most effective way to treat malnutrition. RUTFs include all the nutrients a child needs during its development and helps reverse deficiencies and gain weight.

RUTFs don’t require water for preparation, which eliminates the risk of contamination with water-borne diseases.

Because of its packaging, RUTFs can be used in all kinds of settings and can be stored for long periods of time. Unless the patient suffers from severe complications, RUTFs also allow patients to be treated at home.

Where malnutrition is likely to become severe, we take a preventative approach by distributing supplementary RUTF to at-risk children.

Spotlight: Malnutrition in Niger

Malnutrition: News and stories